What is a biopsy and what are the main types?

A biopsy is the removal of cells or tissue so they can be examined by a pathologist. According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI), the specimen is viewed under a microscope to help check for disease such as cancer. NCI describes several common approaches. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy removes tissue or fluid with a thin needle, while a core biopsy uses a wider needle. An incisional biopsy removes part of a lump or a sample of tissue, and an excisional biopsy removes an entire lump of tissue. Samples may also be taken from the surface of the skin or through an endoscope. The method chosen depends on the suspected problem and where the tissue is located. This is general information, not personal medical advice; talk with a qualified clinician about your own situation.

Last updated: 2026-07-12

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